Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 54, P69-88, September 2020

Islet Tumors

Resect or Follow?
      Small, nonfunctional, asymptomatic, well-differentiated islet cell tumors potentially can be observed in the appropriate clinical setting.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Advances in Surgery
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Yao J.C.
        • Hassan M.
        • Phan A.
        • et al.
        One hundred years after "carcinoid": epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States.
        J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 3063-3072
        • Franko J.
        • Feng W.
        • Yip L.
        • et al.
        Non-functional neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: incidence, tumor biology, and outcomes in 2,158 patients.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2010; 14: 541-548
        • Genc C.G.
        • Klümpen H.J.
        • van Oijen M.G.H.
        • et al.
        A nationwide population-based study on the survival of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the Netherlands.
        World J Surg. 2018; 42: 490-497
        • Grimelius L.
        • Hultquist G.T.
        • Stenkvist B.
        Cytological differentiation of asymptomatic pancreatic islet cell tumours in autopsy material.
        Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1975; 365: 275-288
        • Kimura W.
        • Kuroda A.
        • Morioka Y.
        Clinical pathology of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Analysis of autopsy cases.
        Dig Dis Sci. 1991; 36: 933-942
        • Lawrence B.
        • Gustafsson B.I.
        • Chan A.
        • et al.
        The epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011; 40 (vii): 1-18
        • Cho M.Y.
        • Kim J.M.
        • Sohn J.H.
        • et al.
        Current trends of the incidence and pathological diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in Korea 2000-2009: multicenter study.
        Cancer Res Treat. 2012; 44: 157-165
        • Scherübl H.
        • Streller B.
        • Stabenow R.
        • et al.
        Clinically detected gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are on the rise: epidemiological changes in Germany.
        World J Gastroenterol. 2013; 19: 9012-9019
        • Ito T.
        • Igarashi H.
        • Nakamura K.
        • et al.
        Epidemiological trends of pancreatic and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors in Japan: a nationwide survey analysis.
        J Gastroenterol. 2015; 50: 58-64
        • Kuo E.J.
        • Salem R.R.
        Population-level analysis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 2 cm or less in size.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2013; 20: 2815-2821
        • Gratian L.
        • Pura J.
        • Dinan M.
        • et al.
        Impact of extent of surgery on survival in patients with small nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the United States.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2014; 21: 3515-3521
        • Sadot E.
        • Reidy-Lagunes D.L.
        • Tang L.H.
        • et al.
        Observation versus resection for small asymptomatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a matched case-control study.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2016; 23: 1361-1370
        • Solcia E.
        • Capella C.
        • Kloppel G.
        • et al.
        Endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.
        in: Solcia EKp G. Sobin L.H. Histologic typing of endocrine tumours, WHO international histological classification of tumours. Springer, New York2000: 57-67
        • Crippa S.
        • Partelli S.
        • Belfiori G.
        • et al.
        Management of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas (WHO G3): A tailored approach between proliferation and morphology.
        World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 9944-9953
        • Lloyd R.V.
        • Osamura R.Y.
        • Klöppel G.
        • et al.
        4th editon. WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs. vol. 10. IARC Press, Lyon (France)2017
        • Kulke M.H.
        • Shah M.H.
        • Benson A.B.
        • et al.
        Neuroendocrine tumors, version 1.2015.
        J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015; 13: 78-108
        • Falconi M.
        • Eriksson B.
        • Kaltsas G.
        • et al.
        ENETS consensus guidelines update for the management of patients with functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        Neuroendocrinology. 2016; 103: 153-171
        • Lee L.C.
        • Grant C.S.
        • Salomao D.R.
        • et al.
        Small, nonfunctioning, asymptomatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): role for nonoperative management.
        Surgery. 2012; 152: 965-974
        • Toste P.A.
        • Kadera B.E.
        • Tatishchev S.F.
        • et al.
        Nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors <2 cm on preoperative imaging are associated with a low incidence of nodal metastasis and an excellent overall survival.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2013; 17: 2105-2113
        • Gaujoux S.
        • Partelli S.
        • Maire F.
        • et al.
        Observational study of natural history of small sporadic nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 98: 4784-4789
        • Assi H.A.
        • Mukherjee S.
        • Kunz P.L.
        • et al.
        Surgery versus surveillance for well-differentiated, nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: an 11-year analysis of the national cancer database.
        Oncologist. 2020; 25: e276-e283
        • Norton J.A.
        • Alexander H.R.
        • Fraker D.L.
        • et al.
        Comparison of surgical results in patients with advanced and limited disease with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
        Ann Surg. 2001; 234 ([discussion: 505–6]): 495-505
        • Dong D.H.
        • Zhang X.F.
        • Poultsides G.
        • et al.
        Impact of tumor size and nodal status on recurrence of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors ≤2 cm after curative resection: A multi-institutional study of 392 cases.
        J Surg Oncol. 2019; 120: 1071-1079
        • Lopez-Aguiar A.G.
        • Ethun C.G.
        • Zaidi M.Y.
        • et al.
        The conundrum of < 2-cm pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A preoperative risk score to predict lymph node metastases and guide surgical management.
        Surgery. 2019; 166: 15-21
        • Poultsides G.A.
        • Huang L.C.
        • Chen Y.
        • et al.
        Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: radiographic calcifications correlate with grade and metastasis.
        Ann Surg Oncol. 2012; 19: 2295-2303
        • Cherenfant J.
        • Stocker S.J.
        • Gage M.K.
        • et al.
        Predicting aggressive behavior in nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        Surgery. 2013; 154 ([discussion: 791–3]): 785-791
        • Sharpe S.M.
        • In H.
        • Winchester D.J.
        • et al.
        Surgical resection provides an overall survival benefit for patients with small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2015; 19 ([discussion: 123]): 117-123
        • Figueiredo F.A.
        • Giovannini M.
        • Monges G.
        • et al.
        EUS-FNA predicts 5-year survival in pancreatic endocrine tumors.
        Gastrointest Endosc. 2009; 70: 907-914
        • Weiss V.L.
        • Kiernan C.
        • Wright J.
        • et al.
        Fine-needle aspiration-based grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms using Ki-67: Is Accurate WHO grading possible on cytologic material?.
        J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2018; 7: 154-459
        • Di Leo M.
        • Poliani L.
        • Rahal D.
        • et al.
        Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: the role of endoscopic ultrasound biopsy in diagnosis and grading based on the WHO 2017 classification.
        Dig Dis. 2019; 37: 325-333
        • Worhunsky D.J.
        • Krampitz G.W.
        • Poullos P.D.
        • et al.
        Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: hypoenhancement on arterial phase computed tomography predicts biological aggressiveness.
        HPB (Oxford). 2014; 16: 304-311
        • Cloyd J.M.
        • Kopecky K.E.
        • Norton J.A.
        • et al.
        Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: Degree of cystic component predicts prognosis.
        Surgery. 2016; 160: 708-713
        • Singhi A.D.
        • Chu L.C.
        • Tatsas A.D.
        • et al.
        Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 2012; 36: 1666-1673
        • Zhang I.Y.
        • Zhao J.
        • Fernandez-Del Castillo C.
        • et al.
        Operative versus nonoperative management of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2016; 20: 277-283
        • Powers B.D.
        • Rothermel L.D.
        • Fleming J.B.
        • et al.
        A survival analysis of patients with localized, asymptomatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: no surgical survival benefit when examining appropriately selected outcomes.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-019-04433-4
        • Pitt S.C.
        • Pitt H.A.
        • Baker M.S.
        • et al.
        Small pancreatic and periampullary neuroendocrine tumors: resect or enucleate?.
        J Gastrointest Surg. 2009; 13: 1692-1698
        • Haynes A.B.
        • Deshpande V.
        • Ingkakul T.
        • et al.
        Implications of incidentally discovered, nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors: short-term and long-term patient outcomes.
        Arch Surg. 2011; 146: 534-538